1. Up To The Minute Radar
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Air Defense

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Index

Antiaircraft Artillery Systems

ZPU-Series 14.5-mm TowedAntiaircraft Guns

The ZPU-series of 14.5-mm towed antiaircraft guns consists of the ZPU-1,ZPU-2, and ZPU-4, with the number representing the number of guns on the chassis. Theordnance consists of the KPV 14.5-mm machine-gun.

ZPU-2 14.5-mm Anti-Aircraft Gun System This towedanti-aircraft artillery gun system consists of twin 14.5-mm KPV heavy machine-guns mountedon a two wheel carriage. The KPV is a recoil-operated, fully automatic weapon system whichfires from the open-bolt position. The ZPU-2 system is fed from two 50-round boxes oneither side of the system. This system is effective both in a low-altitude air defenserole, and in a ground-role. The system is optically controlled and sometimes is supportedby off-carriage radar acquisition in the form of a FIRE CAN or FLAP WHEEL targetacquisition radar.

ZPU-4 14.5-mm Anti-Aircraft Gun System This towed anti-aircraftartillery gun system consists of four 14.5-mm KPV heavy machine-guns mounted on a fourwheel carriage. The KPV is a recoil-operated, fully automatic weapon system which firesfrom the open-bolt position. The ZPU-4 system is fed from four 500-round drums on bothsides of the system. This system is effective both in a low-altitude air defense role, andin a ground-role. The system is optically controlled and sometimes is supported byoff-carriage radar acquisition in the form of a FIRE CAN or FLAP WHEEL target acquisitionradar.

ZU 23-2 Towed Antiaircraft Gun

The ZU-23 comprises twin 23-mm cannons on a towed two-wheel carriage. Thecannons mount side-by-side between large ring-type trunions. In appearance, the ZU-23resembles the 14.5-mm ZPU-2; however, the shape and placement of the ZU-23 ammunitionboxes (at right angles to the gun carriage) and prominent muzzle flash suppressers aredistinguishing features. The ZU-23 is a highly mobile, air-droppable weapon. A battery of6 ZU-23s is organic to Soviet air assault brigades, as well as to airborne regiments. Abattalion of 18 ZU-23s is organic to the Soviet airborne division. It is that division'sprincipal antiaircraft artillery (AAA) weapon. It has an effective AA range of 2,500meters. It can also be effective against lightly armored ground vehicles. In firingposition, the ZU-23 is leveled by jacks and stabilized on a three-point base. It uses anoptical-mechanical computing sight for AA fire and a straight-tube telescope for groundtargets. The crew can fire the gun from the traveling position in emergencies. The ZU-23fires the same ammunition as the 23-mm SP AA gun ZSU-23-4. On the towed system, ammunitionfeeds from box magazines mounted on the outside of each trunion. Reloading is fast anduncomplicated. The magazines are easily accessible. The beginning link of the new beltattaches to the link of the last old cartridge. This last cartridge automaticallyinterrupts the firing cycle when it reaches the feedway and signals the bolt to remainopen.

ZSU-57-2 Self-PropelledAnti-aircraft Gun System

The system consists of a chassis based on T-54 components but with muchthinner armor, four rather than five road wheels and a large open-topped turret armed withtwin 57 mm S-68 guns which have the same performance and use the same ammunition as thetowed single S-60 anti-aircraft gun. The all-welded hull of the ZSU-57-2 is divided intothree compartments: driver's at the front, fighting in the center and engine at the rear.The large turret has slightly sloping sides, well-curved corners and is fitted withexternal grab rails on either side. The torsion bar suspension consists of four dualrubber-tired road wheels with the drive sprocket at the rear, idler at the front but noreturn rollers. The first and last road wheel stations are provided with a hydraulic shockabsorber. The all-steel track has steel pins that are not secured at the outer end and arefree to travel towards the hull. A raised piece of metal welded to the hull just forwardof the drive sprocket drives the track pins into position each time they pass. Mainarmament of the ZSU-57-2 consists of twin 57 mm S-68 cannon with an elevation of +85�,depression of -5�, and 360� turret traverse. Elevation, depression and turret traverseare powered, with manual controls available for emergency use. The ammunition, in clips offive rounds, is fed to the magazines each side of the weapon by a loader seated in theforward part of each side of the turret. The right-hand gun is modified to be loaded fromthe right so as to avoid loading problems. The guns are fully automatic, recoil-operated,and each gun has a cyclic rate of fire of 105 to 120 rds/min with a practical rate of fireof 70 rds/gun/min. Maximum horizontal range is 12000 m, maximum vertical range 8000 m,although effective ranges are less than this. Effective slant range is 3993 m, effectivealtitude limit with weapons elevated at +45� is 2835 m and effective altitude limit withweapons elevated at +65� is 4237 m. Fire control for the ZSU-57-2 is achieved by anoptical mechanical computing reflex sight. The weapons can fire the following types offixed ammunition: FRAG-T and APC-T. The empty cartridge cases and clips are deposited on aconveyor belt which runs under the weapons. This takes the cases and clips to the rear ofthe turret where they are deposited in the wire cage mounted externally on the turretrear. A total of 300 rounds of ammunition are carried in clips of five rounds. Cyclic rateof fire is 120 rounds per barrel per minute. The ZSU-57-2 has no NBC system and noamphibious capability. Long-range fuel drums can be fitted to the rear of the hull toincrease the operational range of the ZSU-57-2.

VARIANTS: Late production ZSU-57-2 SPAAGswere fitted with a more sophisticated sighting system. This model is identified by twosmall ports in the forward upper portion of the turret front.

China is producing the Type 80 self-propelledanti-aircraft tank which uses a Type 69 II MBT chassis fitted with a Chinese built copy ofthe turret of the ZSU-57-2. Additional details of this are given in this section underChina.

ZSU 23-4 Self-PropelledAntiaircraft Gun

The ZSU-23-4 is a fully integrated, SP AA system with four liquid-cooled23-mm automatic cannons mounted on the front of a large, flat, armored turret. The chassishas many components borrowed from other Soviet armored vehicles. The suspension systemresembles that of the PT-76 and ASU-85; that is, it has six road wheels and no tracksupport rollers. The driver sits in the left front of the hull; the rest of the crew (thecommander, gunner, and radar operator) sit in the turret. The GUN DISH fire control radarmounted on the rear of the turret can fold down during travel. The ZSU-23-4 has thecapability to both acquire and track low-flying aircraft targets, with an effective AArange of 2,500 meters. It also is capable of firing on the move because of its integratedradar/gun stabilization system. The high-frequency operation of the GUN DISH radar emits avery narrow beam that provides excellent aircraft tracking while being difficult to detector evade. However, such a frequency also dictates a limited range; linking the system toother long-range acquisition radars in the area can compensate for this. The ZSU-23-4 canalso engage lightly armored ground vehicles. The four guns are water-cooled and have acyclic rate of fire of 800 to 1,000 rounds per minute each. However, the gunner normallyfires them in bursts (2 to 3 rounds per barrel) to reduce ammunition expenditure andprolong barrel life. Each ZSU-23-4 carries about 2,000 rounds onboard. Supply trucks,which follow the ZSUs at a distance of 1.5 to 2.5 kilometers, carry an estimatedadditional 3,000 rounds for each of the four ZSUs. Electronic target acquisition,tracking, and ranging is automated; an onboard computer determines super elevation andazimuth lead. Conventional optical sights also are available. The onboard load normallymixes two types of ammunition at a ratio of three HEI-T rounds per one API-T round. An HElround is also available. The HEI-T and HEl rounds are intended for defeating aircraft byblast, fragmentation, or incendiary effect. However, they may also be used againstpersonnel in a ground role. The API-T round can penetrate lightly armored ground targetsand aircraft and defeat them by an incendiary effect. Tracers facilitate correction offire. The ZSU-23-4 is not amphibious, but has a fording capability of just over one meter.During river assault operations, the ZSU-23-4s would be ferried to the far bankimmediately after the leading companies. The crew of the ZSU-23-4 receives a degree ofprotection from the thin armor (maximum thickness 9.4 millimeters in the hull, 8.9millimeters in the turret). A radiation detection and warning system and an air filtrationand overpressure system provide collective NBC protection.

VARIANTS: At least nine identifiableseparate versions of the ZSU-23-4 have been seen. These include the ZSU-23-4 model 1965(pre-series version), the ZSU-23-4 model 1965 (initial production version), the ZSU-23-4Vmodel 1968, the ZSU-23-4V1 model 1972 and the ZSU-23-4M model 1977. Most differ only instowage, external fittings or cooling vents. Large ammunition panniers, mounted on theturret sides, were introduced in an intermediate production model. The latest variant, theZSU-23-4M features these panniers, three (instead of two) access ports on each side of thehull and an armored cover for the guns. It also has a digital computer, an improved GunDish radar and can be linked to off-carriage radar and fire control equipment if required.The Gun Dish radar on the ZSU-23-4M is capable of being used independently in the searchmode whereas on previous versions it had been slaved to the gun tubes. In 1985 a modifiedZSU-23-4M was seen with protrusions on the right and left sides of the Gun Dish radar domeand vanes down its center. The vanes are side-lobe clutter-reducing devices and theprotrusions are IFF receivers. The most significant changes in late production versions ofthe ZSU-23-4 have included a major change to the air cooling supply system as well as theradio and electronic systems of the vehicle. These changes have improved the overallreliability of the system. An improved ventilation system for the fighting and crewcompartments has been installed.

2S6 Integrated Air Defense System

The 2S6 Tunguska is a integrated air defense system armwed with 30-mmcannons and SA-19 surface to air missiles. The layout of the vehicle is conventional, withthe driver seated at front left, the turret in the center and the engine and transmissionat the rear. The driver has a single-piece hatch cover over his position and immediatelyin front of this are three periscopes. The turret has vertical sides with the commander'scupola being well forward on the right side. Suspension is of the hydro-pneumatic typewith six equally spaced road wheels, drive sprocket at the rear, idler at the front andthree track return rollers. When traveling, the suspension is lowered to provide maximumpossible ground clearance, but when in the firing position it is raised and locked out toprovide a more stable firing platform. The 2S6 is probably powered by a derivative of theV-59 diesel engine used on the 2S3/2P24/GMZ chassis although in this application theengine is supplemented by a 50 kW turbine system to allow it to operate with the mainengine switched off. The cannon used in the 2S6 are much longer than those of the BMP-2and are mounted in pairs with the right cannon having the appearance of being slightly tothe rear of the left cannon and is provided with a muzzle velocity measuring system.Although the maximum vertical range of the weapons is probably around 5000 m, the maximumeffective anti-aircraft range is around 3000 m. According to former Soviet sources, the2S6 can engage targets flying at a maximum speed of 500 m/s with the complete systemhaving a reaction time of eight seconds. Effective range of the complete system is from0.2 to 8 km according to former Soviet sources. The SA-19 missiles are mounted four eitherside of the twin 30 mm cannon and have independent elevation indicating they are probablyof the fire-and-forget type. However, it is equally possible that they are of SACLOS(semi-automatic command to line-of-sight) type with an IR terminal seeker. The SA-19 hasan approximate range of 8 km and are kept in sealed containers and reloaded in clips oftwo missiles. The estimated length of the missile is 2 m and it has a launch weight of 30kg, of which 8 kg is the high explosive warhead. Some sources have indicated that themissile could be semi-active laser guided, infra-red or command radar. The missiles areprobably launched in pairs for increased kill probability. Protection is provided for therear, sides and top of the missile canisters, this may be armored or more probably be madeof sheet steel to avoid damage by trees and bushes. To the immediate rear of the launcheris a blast deflector. The weapons can be used when the vehicle is moving but greateraccuracy would be obtained if stationary and the hydro-pneumatic suspension is locked out.The 2S6 has individual tracking and surveillance radars in a system called the Hot Shot byNATO. The surveillance and target acquisition radar being mounted on the turret roof atthe rear, this folds down 90� to the turret rear when not required so reducing theoverall height of the system and reducing possible damage from trees and other terrainobstacles. This radar has a maximum effective range of at least 18 km. Mounted on front ofthe turret is the fire control radar which tracks the target and has a range of between 8and 10 km. On the left side of the turret roof are the optical sights which may have bothday and night capability as well as being used in a heavy ECCM environment. There are atleast two types of roof-mounted optical sights, the earlier system being somewhat similarto that of the older ZSU-23-4 system. The second arrangement is believed to be a newdesign and incorporates a day/night capability. One of the roof sights is probably usedwith the SA-19 SAMs. A laser rangefinder is probably incorporated as well, as the systempresumably includes an IFF interrogator which interacts with the usual Khrom-Nikel (OddRods) IFF system found on Soviet combat aircraft. The turret has seats for three crewmembers.

Surface to Air Missile (SAMs) Systems

SA-2 GUIDELINE Medium-to-highAltitude Surface-to-air Missile System

The SA-2 (V-750) is a medium to high altitude surface-to-air missilesystem. It is a two-stage weapon with a large solid propellant booster stage fitted withfour very large delta fins. The missile itself has a storable liquid fuel sustainer rocketmotor which uses an inhibited red fuming nitric acid/kerosene fuel mix. Towards themid-section is a set of four cropped delta-shaped wings with a second in-line set of smallfixed fins at the nose and a third in-line set of slightly larger powered control fins atthe tail. The warhead of the SA-2a/b/c/d/f weighs 195 kg (130 kg of which is HE) and is anHE internally grooved fragmentation type with proximity, contact and command type fusingavailable. The 295 kg nuclear warhead for the SA-2e variant is believed to have a yield of15 kT. The conventional warhead weighs the same. The warhead of the SA-2a/b/c/e/f modelsis fitted forward of the main fins and behind the nose-mounted guidance assembly. Maximumblast radius against a high altitude target such as a U-2 is around 244 m due to therarefied atmosphere. At medium to low levels against fighter sized targets the kill radiusis about 65 m and the blast radius for severe damage is 100-120 m. The weapon has a CEPfigure of 75 m with the large blast radius compensating for any system inaccuracies. Thewhole V-75 system, including the launcher, is designed to be simple and easy to operatewith the minimum of specialized training. In practically all user countries the pattern ofa battalion site is as follows: six semi-fixed trainable single rail launchers aredeployed in a hexagon arrangement, about 60-100 m apart. They can either be dug into pits,left at ground level or hardened by being dug in and surrounded by concrete revetments. Inthe center of the launchers is the battery command post with the fire control team and itscomputer, the Fan Song missile control radar, the P-12 (NATO designation Spoon Rest-Atruck-mounted or Spoon Rest-B) early warning radar and usually six reload rounds on theirarticulated trailers. The battalion's early warning and target acquisition Spoon RestA-band radar has a range of 275 km using a large Yagi antenna array. At regimental HQthere is a fourth Spoon Rest, a van-mounted P-15 (NATO code name Flat Face) 250 km rangeC-band search and tracking radar with two elliptical parabolic reflectors and a PRV-11(NATO code name Side Net) 180 km range E-band nodding height-finder radar mounted on abox-bodied trailer. There is also a radar control truck and a Mercury Grass truck-mountedcommand communications system for linking the HQ to the three battalions. Maximum radarrange of the E-band Fan Song A/B/F models varies between 60-120 km depending upon targettype, altitude and operating conditions. The G-band Fan Song D/E maximum range is extendedto between 75-145 km under the same parameters. In some countries which only deploy earlyversions of the SA-2, the elderly ground-mounted P-8 Dolphin (NATO code name Knife Rest-A)or truck-mounted P-10 (NATO code name Knife Rest-B/C) radars may be used in lieu of SpoonRest. They are A-band sets and have an operating range in the order of 150-200 km.VARIANTS: The People's Republic of China has developed its own modified version of theV-750 under the designation HQ-2, details of which appear earlier in this section. Thelicense-built version was the HQ-1. Arab British Dynamics reverse engineered the V-750'Guideline' to meet the requirements of the Egyptian Air Defense Command, but it was notplaced in production. It had the local name Early Bird. A navalized version, the M-2 (USdesignation SA-N-2), was tried from 1961 onwards, but proved unsuccessful. Iraq hasmodified some of its SA-2 stockpile to accept an infra-red homing seeker (q.v.).

SA-3 GOA Medium AltitudeSurface-to-air Missile System

The SA-3 (S-125) GOA is a two-stage, solid-fuel, low to medium-altitudeSAM. Two ready missiles travel in tandem on a modified truck or tracked vehicle from whichthe crew loads the missiles onto a ground-mounted, trainable launcher for firing. Bothtwin and quadruple launchers are in use. The SA-3 has a large 2.6 second burn jettisonablesolid fuel Isayev OKB booster section fitted with rectangular fins that rotate through90� at launch. The smaller missile body has an 18.7 second burn Isayev OKB solid fuelsustainer rocket and is fitted with four fixed fins aft and four movable control surfacesforward. After booster jettison the second stage is captured in the radar beam andguidance signals are sent via antenna on the rear fins to place the missile on anintercept trajectory. In the initial 1961 version, US designation SA-3a (NATO designationGOA Mod 0), guidance is by command throughout the flight, while in the definitive versionintroduced into service in 1964 and known by the US designation SA-3b (NATO designationGOA Mod 1), this has been improved. Long-range early warning and target acquisition isusually handled by a van-mounted P-15 (NATO designation FLAT FACE) radar. In many SA-3battalions the P-15 has been replaced by the P-15M set (NATO designation SQUAT EYE) whichhas approximately the same performance but has had its antenna mounted on a 20-30 m mastto improve the low altitude coverage. A PRV-11 (NATO designation SIDE NET) 180 km range32000 m altitude E-band height-finder radar is also used. All target data generated ispassed onto the SA-3 battalion's organic trailer-mounted fire control radar known by theNATO designation LOW BLOW. Maximum acquisition range is 110 km and tracking range of theI-band system is between 40-85 km depending on the target size, altitude and operationalconditions. It can track six aircraft simultaneously and guide one or two missiles atonce. For operating in a heavy ECM environment, late production LOW BLOW radars have beenfitted with 25 km range TV cameras to give the fire control team the same data as from theemitting radar and allow a command guidance interception only to be performed. If themissile fails to intercept, another signal is sent to either change the trajectory orself-destruct. The trainable launchers are ground-mounted but can be relocated. SA-3s arenormally transported in pairs from battalion storage areas on modified ZIL-131 (6 x 6) orZIL-157 (6 x 6) trucks and loaded onto the launchers with the aid of a conveyor. It takesonly a minute to load the missiles onto the rails, but the duration between missilelaunches is about 50 minutes due to missile preparation, truck transit and other reloadingprocedures. The missile's ability to dive also allows it to be used against surfacetargets and naval vessels.

SA-4 GANEF Medium to HighAltitude Surface-to-air Missile System

Each SA-4 TEL (Industrial Index designation 2P24) consists of a trackedarmored chassis on top of which is mounted a hydraulically operated turntable carrying thetwo missiles. The engine is to the right of the driver with the remainder of the space inthe vehicle taken up by the crew and electronics. There are hatches for the other crewmembers either side of the missile turntable. The torsion bar suspension consists of sevendual rubber-tired road wheels with the drive sprocket at the front and the idler at therear, and four track return rollers. The vehicle has an air filtration and overpressureNBC system and an IR night vision system for the commander and driver but no amphibiouscapability. The launcher can be traversed by 360� with the missiles being elevated up toan angle of 45� on their launcher arms for launching. The missile is launched by foursolid booster rockets mounted externally on the body. After launch the boosters burn forabout 15 seconds and then fall away when the fueled ramjet kerosene sustainer motorignition speed of over Mach 1 is attained at about 9 km from the TEL. The four fins arefixed and the four wings, in two pairs, are hydraulically operated. A typical targetengagement is believed to take place as follows. The target is first detected at longrange by a 150 km range and 30000 m maximum altitude Long Track early warning radar whichis mounted on a lengthened version of the AT-T heavy artillery tractor with a large vanbody added and is also used for the SA-6 SAM. Long Track operates in the E-band and passesdata to the SA-4 GANEF battery where the H-band Pat Hand continuous wave fire control andcommand guidance radar takes over. Height information is also provided by the 240 km rangeThin Skin truck- or trailer-mounted height-finder radar which operates in the H-band. ThePat Hand radar is mounted on essentially the same chassis as the GANEF launcher with thewhole assembly collapsed flat and a grill raised in front of the radar for road transit.This radar acquires the target at about 120-130 km and when it is within the 80-90 kmtracking range a single missile is launched and guided to the target by the guidance beamwith a semi-active terminal homing phase for the final stage. The missile is tracked inflight by a continuous wave radar transponder beacon attached to one of the tail fins. Ifrequired the Pat Hand can handle two missiles per target in order to increase the killprobability. The reserve missiles are carried on Ural-375 (6 x 6) trucks. Reloading theTEL takes between 10 and 15 minutes.

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VARIANTS: It is known that there have beenas many as four sub-variants of the missile, designated 9M8, 9M8M, 9M8M1 and 9M8M2.External differences between them were minimal as any improvements were internal. The lasttwo sub-variants are the predominant types in service. The 9M8M1 is the 1967 8.8 mlong-nosed version (the SA-4a) with effective range limits of 8 to 55 km and effectivealtitude limits of 100 to 27000 m. The 9M8M2, introduced in 1973, is the short-nosed 8.3 mversion (SA-4b or GANEF Mod 1). This has an improved close-range performance to reduce thedead zone above the TEL at the expense of losing some 3000 m in altitude and 5-10 km inmaximum range capabilities. Both versions have a fuselage diameter of 0.86 m, a wing spanof 2.3 m and a tail span of 2.73 m. The HE warhead weighs 135 kg and is detonated by aproximity fuse. The missile is armed 300 m from the launcher. A battery is likely to haveone TEL fitted with the 9M8M2 and two TELs with the 9M8M1 missile, although some TELs havebeen seen carrying one missile of each type. An electro-optical fire control system isbelieved to be fitted for use in a heavy ECM environment.

SA-5 GAMMON Medium to HighAltitude Surface-to-air Missile System

The SA-5 GAMMON is a medium to high -altitude surface to air missilesystem. The missile itself is of the single-stage type with four jettisonable, wraparoundsolid fuel booster packs. Each booster is 4.9 m long, 0.48 m in diameter and has a singlefin span length of 0.35 m from the booster body. The S-200 is 10.72 m long overall and hasa maximum wing span of 2.85 m. The main body is 0.85 m in diameter and has a solid fueldual thrust sustainer rocket engine. Each missile battalion has one P-35M (NATOdesignation BARLOCK-B) E/F-band 320 km range target search and acquisition radar with anintegral D-band IFF system, one H-band NATO designation Square Pair 270 km range missileguidance radar, and six trainable semi-fixed single rail launchers. The minimum range of60 km or so is due to the booster burn time and jettison requirements which limit it toengagements against relatively large unmaneuverable targets at ranges up to 250 km.Guidance beyond the 60 km booster jettison point is by course correction command signalsfrom the Square Pair radar with the S-200's own active radar terminal homing seeker headbeing activated near to the projected intercept point for the final guidance phase. Thelarge HE warhead is detonated either by a command signal or the onboard proximity fusingsystem. When fitted with a nuclear warhead only the command detonation option is used.

SA-6 GAINFUL Low to MediumAltitude Surface-to-air Missile System

The SA-6 GAINFUL is a two-stage, solid-fuel, low-altitude SAM. It hasradio-command guidance with semi-active radar terminal homing. The SA-6 TEL (IndustrialIndex designation 2P25) is all-welded with the crew compartment at the front, missiles onthe turntable immediately behind the crew compartment and the engine at the rear. Theengine and transmission are at the rear of the hull. The torsion bar suspension systemconsists of six rubber-tired road wheels with the drive sprocket at the rear and the idlerat the front. There are no track return rollers. The SA-6 vehicle has an air filtrationand overpressure NBC system and infra-red night vision equipment fitted as standard butthe vehicle has no amphibious capability. Three SA-6 missiles are carried on a turntablewhich can be traversed through a full 360� with the missiles elevated on their launchersto a maximum of +85�. When traveling the turntable is normally traversed to the rear andthe missiles are horizontal to reduce the overall height of the vehicle. It is estimatedthat the SA-6a (NATO designation GAINFUL Mod 0) missile has a length of 5.7 m, bodydiameter of 0.335 m, wing span of 1.245 m, tail span of 1.524 m and has a launch weight of599 kg with a 56 kg HE-fragmentation warhead. The proximity and contact fuses are armedafter some 50 m of flight. The basic SA-6a has a maximum effective range of 24000 m and aminimum effective range of 3000 m, the minimum engagement height is 100 m when using theSTRAIGHT FLUSH fire control radar and 80 m when in the optical tracking mode, the maximumeffective altitude is about 11000 m. Reload missiles are carried on modified ZIL-131 (6 x6) trucks and are loaded manually onto the launcher by a crane carried on the rear of theloader vehicle. Reloading an TEL takes approximately 10 minutes. STRAIGHT FLUSH has asimilar chassis to that of the SA-6 with a range of 55 to 75 km and a 10000 m altitudecapability depending upon conditions and target size, and performs limited search, lowaltitude detection/acquisition, pulse Doppler IFF interrogation, target tracking andillumination, missile radar command guidance and secondary radar missile trackingfunctions. The vehicle also carries the fire control computers for the missile battery.Some modified STRAIGHT FLUSH vehicles have been observed with a TV camera of 30 km rangeto enable the battery to remain in action even if the vehicle's radars are jammed orforced to shut down because of the threat of anti-radiation missiles. STRAIGHT FLUSH canalso be linked to the launch vehicles by either a radio data link or a 10 m long cable fordirect data input to the launcher's systems. The data link antenna is carried on the rightforward hull corner of the TEL. The upper foldable STRAIGHT FLUSH 28 km range dish antennais of the conical scanning type and is used for low altitude H-band sector search scans,target tracking and target illumination. The lower parabolic antenna is of the G-band 55to 75 km range medium altitude target acquisition and early warning radar type, with thelower feed for medium to high altitude coverage and the upper feed for low altitudecoverage. The STRAIGHT FLUSH can begin target acquisition at its maximum range of 75 km,and begin tracking and illumination at the 28 km mark. The STRAIGHT FLUSH can onlyilluminate a single target and control three missiles at any one time so normal practicewhen a target track has been initiated is to normally order the launch of two andsometimes three weapons from one or more TELs. With radars up, reaction time from adormant condition through the target acquisition, IFF interrogation and lock-on phases tomissile launch is about three minutes. If the radar vehicle is already active then thetime taken for the sequence is reduced to between 15 to 30 seconds. A battery is able tobecome mobile and relocate to an alternate firing position in approximately 15 minutesfrom systems being shutdown.

VARIANTS:In 1977 the SA-6b (NATOdesignation GAINFUL Mod 1), a derivative of the 9M9M1 missile, entered service mounted onan SPU which was based on the GM-539 medium-tracked transporter and subsequently used forthe SA-11 system. The SPU carried three SA-6b missiles and an associated Fire DomeH/I-band missile guidance illuminator radar fitted on the front end of the launcherassembly. The SA-6b was initially deployed on the basis of one SPU per SA-6a battery, asan interim system until the complete SA-11 GADFLY system was fielded.

SA-7 GRAIL Man-portableSurface-to-air Missile System

The SA-7 GRAIL (Strela-2) is a man-portable, shoulder-fired, low-altitudeSAM system similar to the US Army’s REDEYE. The missile had a HE warhead and passiveinfrared homing guidance. The system comprises the missile (9K32 & 9K32M), areloadable gripstock (9P54 & 9P54M), and a thermal battery (9B17). There are twoversions: the SA-7a (9K32) and SA-7b (9K32M). The SA-7a (Strela-2) was introduced forservice in 1968, but was quickly replaced by the SA-7b (Strela-2M) which became the mostcommon production model. The SA-7a has a slant range of 3.6 km and a kill zone between 15and 1500 meters in altitude. Its speed is about 430 meters per second (Mach 1.4). TheSA-7b, differs from the SA-7a primarily by using a boosted propellant charge to increaserange and speed. This gives the SA-7b a slant range of about 4.2 km, a ceiling of about2300 meters, and a speed of about 500 meters per second (Mach 1.75). Both the SA-7a andSA-7b are tail-chase missile systems, and its effectiveness depends on its ability to lockonto the heat source of targets, usually low-flying fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft.Although the SA-7 is limited in range, speed, and altitude, it forces enemy pilots to flyabove minimum radar limitations which results in detection and vulnerability to regimentaland divisional air defense systems. An identification friend or foe (IFF) system can befitted to the operator’s helmet.

SA-8 GECKO Low AltitudeSurface-to-air Missile System

The SA-8 GECKO is a single-stage, solid-fuel, short-range, low-altitude,all-weather SAM system. The TELAR (transporter erector launcher and radar) vehicle is asix-wheeled design designated BAZ-5937. The driver's compartment at the front of thevehicle has accommodation for two, the driver and commander, with access to it via a hatchin the roof. The engine is at the very rear. Four command-guided missiles are carriedready to launch, two either side. The main fire control radar is at the rear of a one-mangunner-radar operator position and folds back 90� to reduce the overall height of thevehicle for air transport and during high speed road travel. It is known that the radaroperates in the H-band with a 360� traverse and has a maximum range of 35 km. Thecomplete conical-scan radar installation of the GECKO has been assigned the NATO code nameLAND ROLL. Each battery also has two missile transloaders based on the same chassis with along coffin-like blunt pointed tarp roofed structure covering the cargo space and crane.When operating, the blunt point area is raised and the tarped structure is slid to therear. A total of 18 reloads in boxed sets of three are transferred to the TELARs by thehydraulic crane mounted centrally behind the vehicle cab. In the Regiments Maintenancebattery there is a single radar collimation vehicle using the same chassis. This has acollimation antenna which lies on both sides of the vehicle and overhangs the rear duringtransit. In operation it is raised and mounted on each side of the hull directly behindthe cab. The SA-8a (GECKO Mod 0) high acceleration missile (Factory Index number 9M33) hasa launch weight of about 130 kg. Maximum speed is Mach 2.4, minimum altitude is 25 m,maximum effective altitude 5000 m. The minimum range is 1500 m and the maximum range 12000m. Against an F-4 Phantom target the warhead's lethal radius at low altitude is 5 m and isfitted with proximity and contact fuses. In 1980 a newer missile, the SA-8b or GECKO Mod1, was introduced into service. Contained in a rectangular launch box it has improvedguidance and speed characteristics to give an increased maximum range of 15000 m. Thewarhead weight of both missiles is 19 kg. The reloading time is five minutes. Combatdeployment time is four minutes with system reaction 26 seconds. The surveillance radar ofthe LAND ROLL operates in the H band and has an effective range of around 30 kilometersagainst a typical target. The tracking radar is of the pulsed type and it operates in theJ band with a range of 20 to 25 kilometers. The two I-band guidance radars make itpossible to launch two missiles at the same target, each one responding to a differentfrequency to frustrate ECM. Mounted on top of each missile guidance radar is anLLLTV/optical assist system for target tracking in low visibility and heavy ECM. LAND ROLLis also known to have a short-range target acquisition capability. The vehicle is fullyamphibious, being propelled in the water by two water jets at the rear of the hull. Thevehicle is fitted with an air filtration and overpressure NBC system together with IRsystems for the commander and driver.

VARIANTS: There are at least three majorfamilies of SA-8 launch vehicles. The first has a very blunt nose, and may be a pre-seriesprototype. The standard production type for the SA-8a has a sharper nose, and there appearto be sub-variants of this vehicle with minor changes in the detail of hull fittings. TheSA-8b vehicle is basically similar to the SA-8a vehicle mentioned above aside from thelauncher details to accommodate six missile canisters. There are also indications that adistinctly different SA-8b launcher may exist, with a reconfigured rear end. In 1991 SA-8bTELs were seen with an additional small sized radar antenna fitted above the surveillanceradar. It is possible that the antenna may be associated with a new IFF system.

SA-9 GASKIN Low AltitudeSurface-to-air Missile System

The SA-9 GASKIN is a short-range, low-altitude SAM. The system consists ofa BRDM-2 transporter erector launcher (TEL) chain-driven belly wheels removed and thenormal turret replaced by one with four ready to launch SA-9 container-launcher boxes.These are normally lowered to the horizontal when traveling to reduce the overall heightof the vehicle. The original version of the Strela-1 was known as the 9M31 (SA-9a,nickname GASKIN Mod 0) and used an uncooled first-generation lead sulfide (PbS) infra-red(IR) seeker operating. This was supplemented by the 9M31M variant (SA-9b, nickname GASKINMod 1) which has an improved seeker providing greater target sensitivity and lock onability. The 30 kg Mach 1.5 missile is 1.8 m long, 0.12 m in diameter and has a wing spanof 0.375 m. The minimum range of the 9M31 is 800 m and the maximum range 6500 m withinaltitude limits of 15 to 5200 m. The minimum range of the 9M31M is 560 m and the maximumrange 8000 m (increasing to a possible 11000 m when used in a tail-chase engagement)within altitude limits of 10 to 6100 m. When engaging a head-on target the system has aconsiderably reduced range. The SA-9 is fitted with an HE-fragmentation warhead andproximity fuse with a lethal radius of 5 m and damage radius of 7.6 m. One SA-9 TEL (SA-9Mod A, BRDM-2A1 or SA-9A TEL) in each battery has been fitted with Flat Box A passiveradar detection antenna, one either side of the hull above the front wheel housings, oneunder the left launch canisters pointing forward and one mounted on a small frame abovethe rear engine deck plate pointing rearwards to give 360� coverage. The TEL with no FlatBox A system is known as the SA-9 Mod B, BRDM-2A2 or SA-9B. The vehicle crew of threeconsists of the commander, driver and gunner and there is an IR system for the first twoto use at night. An air-filtration and overpressure NBC system is fitted as standard. Incombat the missiles are usually sequentially fired (two per target) to increase the killprobability with a time between rounds of about five seconds. Reloading is performedmanually and takes about five minutes to accomplish.

SA-10 GRUMBLE Low to HighAltitude Surface-to-air Missile System

The all-weather SA-10 system is able to engage several targets at once andcombat intensive raids at all altitude levels from very low up to high level. In themid-1980s design work was completed on a mobile version of the system, known by thedesignation SA-10b GRUMBLE Mod 1 (Russian designation S-300PMU). In this version theweapon is mounted, carried and vertically launched from a dedicated four-round capacitytransporter-erector launcher vehicle based on the MAZ-7910 (8 x 8) truck chassis. Thecombined engagement radar and control station is mounted on the same chassis. The SA-10asite (complex) is believed to be occupied by a missile battery which deploys a batterycommand post and engagement control center, a large 3D continuous wave pulse Dopplertarget acquisition radar (CLAM SHELL), an I-band multi-function phased-arraytrailer-mounted engagement radar (FLAP LID A) with digital beam steering in hardenedsites, and up to 12 semi-trailer erector-launchers which mount four tubular missilecontainer-launchers. The towing unit for the semi-trailer erector-launcher is theKrAZ-260V (6 x 6) tractor truck. The launchers are usually positioned on concrete padswith the trailers being leveled by the use of four hydraulic jacks. An SA-10a Regimentprobably comprises three such batteries and deploys a 4 m high F-band long-range, 3Dsurveillance and tracking radar (BIG BIRD) at the Regimental command post for initialtarget detection. The SA-10b mobile missile battery comprises the combined FLAP LID Bengagement radar and engagement control/command post station mounted on a MAZ-7910chassis, up to 12 TELs (SPU: mobile launcher unit), a trailer-mounted 3D 360� scanningtarget designation radar (Russian designation 36D6; CLAM SHELL) and a maintenance section.An SA-10b Regiment probably consists of three such batteries together with an additionalradar section and a number of TZM (transport-loader vehicles) MAZ-7910 transloaders forresupply purposes. The vertically launched SA-10 missile is a single stage weapon poweredby an air-fired solid propellant rocket motor. The warhead is normally a 100 kg plusHE-fragmentation type with proximity fusing although a low yield tactical nuclear type isbelieved to be a possible option. The TEL version carries a total of four sealedcontainer-launcher cylinders, each of which is used for the storage, transport andlaunching of a missile. When traveling the launcher system is carried in the horizontalposition but at the launch site is elevated to an angle of 90�. The missile was designedto have this vertical launch trajectory so it has the quickest available reaction timecapability to counter targets approaching from any azimuth. The combined FLAP LID-Bradar/engagement control vehicle has the 2.75 m2 planar array antenna mounted to the fronton a box-like antenna mount and support systems container. When traveling the array iscarried horizontally but when deployed it is raised above the container to an angle ofapproximately 60�. Missile guidance is of the Track-Via-Missile (TVM) type with the FLAPLID guidance radar capable of engaging up to six targets simultaneously, with two missilesassigned per target to ensure a high kill probability. Maximum target velocity is statedto be 4200 km/h with the battery capable of firing three missiles per second. The batterytakes only five minutes to deploy once it comes to the halt as the vehicles have anelectronic inter-vehicle communications and data transmission link that uses elevatablepole-type devices and does not require any interconnecting vehicle cables. Each of theMAZ-7910 derivative vehicles also has a set of four hydraulic jacks positioned either sidebetween the first/second and third/fourth road wheels which are lowered to the ground toprovide a more stable and level environment. Time out of battery for the system is againaround five minutes. If the battery is employed in rugged terrain or forest then theengagement radar system and box-like superstructure can be mounted on a specialtrailer-mounted extendible 24.4 m high tower to improve radar coverage. If this type ofradar is used in its extended state then the low level engagement range of the SA-10system is said to increase to 43200 m from the original 32000 m. Missile engagementaltitude limits extend from 25 m upwards to about 30000 m. Maximum engagement range isstated by the Russians to be 90000 m, although in practice it is probably greater thanthis. When in its sealed container-launcher cylinder the missile is considered to be around of ammunition and is said not to require any check-ups or adjustments for a periodof 10 years.

SA-11 GADFLY Low to MediumAltitude Surface-to-air Missile System

The SA-11 GADFLY is a medium-range, semi-active, radar-guided missileusing solid-rocket propulsion. The system provides defense against high-performanceaircraft and cruise missiles. The SA-11 systems is comprised of the TELAR (9A310M1),Loader/Launcher (9A39M1), SNOW DRIFT Surveillance Radar (9S18M1), and Command and Controlvehicle (9S470M1). The TELAR, which is based on the GM-569 tracked chassis, carries fourready to fire missiles on a turntable that can be traversed a full 360� and H/I-band FIREDOME monopulse guidance and tracking radar. The associated tracked Surveillance Radarvehicle uses the same chassis and carries the early warning and acquisition radars (SNOWDRIFT) and provides the target's height, bearing and range data. The Loader/Launchervehicle (LLV) resembles the normal TELAR, but lacks the FIRE DOME fire control radar whichwas replaced with a hydraulic crane for reloading 9M38 missiles. The SA-11 GADFLYsystem’s Command and Control vehicle works in conjunction with the SNOW DRIFT, whichhas a detection range of 85 km against high-flying targets, 35 km against targets at analtitude of 100 meters, and 23 km against targets flying nap-of-the-earth (NOE); it has atracking range extending from 70 km for high-flying targets to 20 km for NOE targets.Tracking of helicopters hovering at 30 m can be made as far as 10 km. The SNOW DRIFTreceives early warning from brigade-level surveillance radars such as the SPOON REST. Oncea target is identified then it is turned over to an TELAR via a data link for tracking andattack. The FIRE DOME engagement radar has an effective guidance range of 3-32 km and aneffective altitude envelope 15 meters to 22 km. It can engage approaching targets movingat a maximum of 3000 km/h (1860 mph). The radar can guide up to three missiles against asingle target. The system also can be fitted with a supplementary electro-optical sightingsystem for use in cases where electronic jamming from the target aircraft overwhelms theusual semi-active radar homing system. In this case the missile uses radio-commandguidance. The Mach 3 semi-active homing missile has a maximum slant range of 28 km and aminimum range of 3 km. It is capable of engaging targets between the altitude limits of 30and 14000 m and can sustain 23 g maneuvers. The missile length is 5.6 m, diameter is 0.4 mand the wing span is 1.2 m. Launch weight is 650 kg and is fitted with a 70 kg HE warhead,which has a 17 meter kill zone. Propulsion is by a solid fuel rocket motor. The LLV canload itself in rear areas from the 9T229 transporter in 15 minutes, and then take thosemissiles to reload the TELAR in about 13 minutes. In the event the firing battery issaturated with targets, the LLV can launch missiles, though it requires radar guidancefrom a nearby TELAR. The SA-11 represents a considerable improvement over the earlier SA-6GAINFUL system. The system is more mobile, taking only about 5 minutes to move from roadmarch to engagement. The battery can engage six separate targets simultaneously, insteadof only one by the SA-6. Moreover, the higher kill probability of kill means that theready reserve of missiles will not be exhausted as quickly as with the SA-6. Russiansources claim a single missile kill probability of 60-90% against aircraft, 30-70% againsthelicopters, and 40% against cruise missiles. The configuration provides it with muchgreater resistance to ECM than older FSU SAM systems.

SA-12a GLADIATOR and SA-12bGIANT Low to High Altitude Surface to Air Missile Systems

The SA-12 (S-300V) is a low-to-high Altitude, tactical surface to airmissile system/anti-ballistic missile system. The SA-12 system consists of the followingelements: SA-12a GLADIATOR TELAR (9A93), GLADIATOR Launcher/Loader Vehicle (LLV) (9A85),SA-12b GIANT TELAR (9A82), GIANT LLV (9A84), GRILL PAN Guidance Radar system (9S32), BILLBOARD Surveillance Radar system (9S15), HIGH SCREEN Sector Radar system (9S19), andCommand Station (9S457). The primary difference between the SA-12a and SA-12b is range:the SA-12b is a longer range system and has a longer fuselage with larger solid-fuelengine. The SA-12a GLADIATOR missile (9M83) is a dual-role, anti-missile andanti-aircraft, whereas the SA-12b GIANT missile (9M82) is configured primarily for theATBM role. The SA-12a and SA-12b TELAR vehicles are essentially the same but with two keydifferences: The SA-12a (9A83-1) carries four 9M83 GLADIATOR missiles, while the SA-12b(9A82) carries only two 9M82 GIANT missiles. In addition, the configuration of thevehicle’s command radar is distinctly different. On the 9A83-1, the radar is mountedon a folding mast which gives it 360� coverage in azimuth, as well as full hemisphericcoverage in elevation. On the 9M82 TELAR, the radar is mounted in a semi-fixed positionover the cab, with 90� coverage to either side in azimuth and 110� in 2elevation. Theindividual TELARs are not capable of autonomous engagements without the participation ofthe GRILL PAN radar. The command and control vehicle for the SA-12 system is the 9S457-1Command Post vehicle. This vehicle is supported by the BILL BOARD A surveillance radar andthe HIGH SCREEN sector radar. The BILL BOARD A is used for general surveillance and candetect up to 200 targets and transmit their data to the CP; it has target coverage of0-55� in elevation and 10-250 km in range. The antenna rotates completely in 6-12seconds, and the system accuracy is 30-35 min of arc in azimuth and 250 m in range. TheHIGH SCREEN sector radar is used in support of the ATBM role, to keep constant watch onthe most likely avenue of approach of hostile missiles. When a high sped target isdetected, the radar is switched to initiate tracking and it automatically transmits thetrajectory parameters to the CP. The post can then prioritize the threat and instruct theHIGH SCREEN as to which missiles are to be tracked, with the maximum being 16 targets. TheCP with its attendant radar systems can detect up to 200 targets, initiate tracking on upto 70 targets and designate 24 of the targets automatically to the brigade’s fourGRILL PAN radar systems, where they can be engaged by the SA-12a and SA-12b TELARs.Control of the battery’s launcher vehicles (TELARs and LLVs) is managed by the GRILLPAN radar system. It can track up to 12 targets and control up to six missiles againstthese targets simultaneously. When searching for a target with a radar cross-section of2m2, the radar can acquire the target at a range of 150 km in manual mode and 140 km inautomatic mode. The GRILL PAN can track the targets assigned to it by the CP whilesimultaneously maintaining a horizon search for new targets. The LLVs (9A85 GLADIATOR and9A83 GLADIATOR) resemble normal TELARs, but lack the command radar and have a loadingcrane instead. The primary role of these LLVs is to replenish the TELARs. However, thesevehicles are capable of erecting and launching the missiles as well as carrying them.Because of their lack of the command radar, these LLVs are dependent on the use of theradars from neighboring TELARs. The SA-12a missile (9M83) is a dual-role anti-aircraftmissile with a maximum range between 75 and 90 km. The SA-12b missile (9M82) is designedprimarily for ATBM defense, and has a maximum range between 100 and 200 km.

SA-13 GOPHER Low AltitudeSurface-to-air Missile System Ghostwriter markdown editor.

The SA-13 GOPHER is a short-range, low altitude SAM system. The SA-13TELAR is a modified MT-LB amphibious armored tracked vehicle with the machine-gun turretremoved. The launcher pedestal mounted to the rear of center of the vehicle is 360�traversable. It incorporates the operator’s position behind a large, rectangularwindow at its base. The SA-13 incorporates a range-only radar (HAT BOX) which provides theoperator the target’s range to the system. There are two versions of the SA-13transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR) variant of the MT-LBu vehicle in service,designated TELAR-1 and TELAR-2. Appraisal of both does not show any significant structuraldifferences but it is known that the TELAR-1 carries four FLAT BOX B passive radardetection antenna units, one on either corner of the vehicle's rear deck, one facing aftand one between the driver's vision ports at the front, whereas the TELAR-2 has none. TheTELAR-1 is apparently used by the SA-13 battery commander. Known as the ZRK-BD Strela-10system, the SA-13 missile (9M37) is 2.2 m long, 0.12 m in diameter with a 0.4 m wingspanand has a maximum speed of Mach 2. It carries a 5 kg HE warhead and is fitted with eitheran improved passive lead sulfide all-aspects infra-red seeker unit, or a cryogenicallycooled passive all-aspects infra-red seeker unit. Normally the TELAR carries four ready tofire SA-13 missile container-launchers and eight reloads in the cargo compartment but ithas also been seen on numerous occasions with either SA-9 GASKIN container-launcher boxesin their place or a mixture of the two. This enables the battlefield features of bothmissiles to be utilized to the full by allowing the cheaper SA-9 (Strela-1) to be usedagainst the 'easier' targets and the more expensive and sophisticated SA-13(Strela-10) against the 'difficult' targets. The missile mix also allows a choice ofinfra-red (IR) seeker types on the missiles for use against extremely low altitude targetsas well as in adverse weather conditions. The estimated minimum range of the SA-13 is 500m and the maximum effective range of 5000 m with altitude engagement limits of 10 to 3500m. Some vehicles have a pintle-mounted PKT 7.62 mm machine gun in front of the forwardhatch for local protection. Other vehicles have been seen with additional support railingsfor the system on the rear deck. The HAT BOX circular parabolic radar antenna is locatedbetween the two pairs of missile canisters and is a simple range-only set to preventwastage of missiles outside the effective range of the system.

VARIANTS: Apart from the Strela-10M2 theSoviets have deployed another version of the SA-13 known by the designation Strela-10M3.This is designed for use in the mobile battle and to defend troops on the march from lowlevel attacks by aircraft and helicopters, precision-guided munitions and other flyingvehicles such as reconnaissance RPVs. The major change is the adoption of a dual modeguidance system for the missile seeker - optical 'photo-contrast' and dual band passiveIR. The missile accommodating this system is the 9M333. This weighs 42 kg at launch andwhen in its container-launcher the box-like canister has a total mass of 74 kg. Targetacquisition range using the optical 'photo-contrast' channel is between 2000-8000 m whilstfor the IR channel it is between 2300-5300 m. Altitude engagement limits are from 10 m upto 3500 m at a maximum range of 5000 m. Average missile speed is 550 m/s. TheHE-fragmentation rod warhead weighs 5 kg in total (including 2.6 kg of HE) and uses bothcontact and active laser proximity fusing systems. The actuation radius of the proximityfuse is up to 4 m. The dual mode passive optical 'photo-contrast/IR seeker ensures good IRdecoy counter-countermeasures discrimination capability and optimum use of the systemagainst diverse and extremely low altitude targets as well as in adverse weatherconditions.

SA-14 GREMLIN Man-portableSurface-to-air Missile System

The SA-14 GREMLIN (Strela--3 9K34) is the successor to the SA-7/SA-7b(Strela-2 9K32 and Strela-2M 9K32M). This system is comprised of the 9P59 gripstock, 9P51thermal battery/gas reservoir, and 9M36-1 missile. The SA-14 has an external appearancevery similar to that of the SA-7. In fact the gripstock, launch canister and aft missilebody are almost identical. The most significant differences are the new seeker system andthe substitution of a ball-shaped 9P51 thermal battery and gas reservoir for the oldcanister shaped battery found on the SA-7. The new nitrogen-cooled lead sulfide seeker ofthe SA-14 allows it to home in on the exhaust plume of jet engines, turboprop andhelicopter gas turbine engines. The enhanced seeker allowed the SA-14 to be fired againsta target from much broader angles, as well as defeating certain countermeasure techniquessuch as exhaust shrouds. In addition, optical filtration was added to the seeker to reducevulnerability to typical IRCM flares. Because of the small warhead size of the SA-7, thewarhead of the SA-14 was nearly doubled in weight. To prevent the heavier warhead fromdegrading missile performance, the guidance electronics were reduced in weight and a newsolid-propellant motor was fitted so that aerodynamic performance was actually increased.The SA-14 has a maximum range of 4500 meters, and a maximum altitude of 3000 meters.

SA-15 GAUNTLET Low to MediumAltitude Surface-to-air Missile System

The SA-15 Tor SAM system is considered by the former Soviets to be capableof engaging not only aircraft and helicopters but also RPVs, precision-guided weapons andvarious types of guided missile. The chassis of the vehicle is almost identical to thatused for the 2S6 self-propelled hybrid air defense system and is based on the GM-569tracked vehicle. The three man crew comprises the vehicle commander, system operator andvehicle driver. All of whom are seated at the front of the vehicle with the large box-likeunmanned turret in the center and the engine compartment at the rear. The driver islocated on the left side of the vehicle front and has a windscreen to his immediate frontwhich if required may be covered by a hatch cover that is hinged at the top. Thisarrangement is similar to that used previously on the Kub (SA-6) and Shilka (ZSU-23-4)vehicles. The other crew members are seated to his rear with the system PPI console on theright and the launch controls to the left. The vehicle suspension consists of six dualrubber tired roadwheels either side with the idler at the front, drive sprocket at therear and three return rollers. An auxiliary gas turbine is fitted which powers a 75 kWgenerator allowing the main diesel engine to be shut down when the system is deployed soas to conserve fuel. On top of the turret rear is the surveillance radar antenna assemblywhich is swung through 90� to the horizontal position for extended traveling purposes.The 3D pulse Doppler electronically beam steered radar operates in the E/F-band andprovides the range, azimuth, elevation and automatic threat evaluation data on up to 48targets for the associated digital fire control computer processing system. Automatictrack initiation on the 10 targets assessed as the most dangerous can be performed. Theseare then categorized and prioritized in order of threat by the computer for theengagement. All the operator has to do is to reconfirm the choice of the highest prioritytarget choice and track this selected target before pressing the 'fire' button. Themaximum radar range quoted is 25000 m but the fast reaction time - five to eight secondswhich includes the fire control computer assigning the target priority - suggests that itis probably greater than this. At the front of the turret is the phased-array pulseDoppler G/H-band tracking radar. The beams of which are also electronically steered. Thisis capable of tracking two targets simultaneously, traveling at speeds of up to 700 km/hin any kind of weather and at any time of day or night irrespective of threat ECMoperations. The antenna assembly can also be folded down for traveling purposes. Mountedon the top left of this radar is a small vertical pointing antenna which is believed toserve in initially gathering the missile after launch before being handed over to the maintracking/guidance system. Lower down on the right side of the tracking radar is anautonomous automatic TV tracking system with a range of 20000 m that complements thetracking radar and enables the system to operate in battlefield clutter and heavy ECMenvironment. Target radar surveillance is carried out on the move but the vehicle wouldnormally come to a halt for missile launch. Although it is an autonomous system it can beinterfaced into an air defense network as it carries a specialist coded data link for suchpurposes. The former Soviets also state that its design is flexible enough to accommodateother manufacturers command and control equipment if a customer so wished. The missilearea comprises a box-like container that extends down below the level of the hull top andwhich carries two groups of four ready to fire missiles in the vertical position. Eachmissile is in its own sealed container-launcher box and requires no maintenance. Reloadingof the system is performed by a specialist transportation/loader vehicle. The single stagesolid propellant missile has a maximum speed of 850 m/s and is fitted with a 15 kgHE-fragmentation warhead that is detonated by a proximity fusing system. Provisionalmissile details are length 3.5 m, diameter 0.735 m and launch weight 170 kg. On firing acold launch ejection system propels the missile upwards to a height of 18-20 m wherethruster jets ignite and turn the weapon onto the target bearing. The main sustainerrocket motor then cuts and the missile is command guided to the intercept point where theproximity fuse is triggered. Effective range limits are from 1500 to 12000 m with targetaltitude limits being between 10 and 6000 m. The maximum maneuvering load factor limit onthe weapon is 30 g. The Tor is not amphibious although it is airportable. An NBC system isfitted as standard as is a built-in training system.

SA-16 GIMLET Man-portableSurface-to-air Missile System

The SA-16 GIMLET (Igla-1 9K310) is a further development from the SA-7& SA-14 series of manportable SAMs. The SA-16, which actually an improved version ofthe SA-18 GROUSE, which was introduced in 1983, three years before the SA-16. The SA-16has been improved over the SA-18 through the addition of a new seeker and modifiedlauncher nose cover. Whereas the 9M39 missile is fitted with an aerodynamic spike on thenose, the 9M310 missile of the SA-16 has the spike replaced with an aerodynamic cone whichis held in place with a wire tripod. The protective covers of the new seekers differ: onthe SA-18 it is conical shaped cover, while on the SA-16 it is tubular with a prominentlip at the forward edge. The 9M313 missile of the SA-16 employs an IR guidance systemusing proportional convergence logic, and an improved two-color seeker, presumably IR andUV). The seeker is sensitive enough to home in on airframe radiation, and the two-colorsensitivity is designed to minimize vulnerability to flares. The SA-16 has a maximum rangeof 5000 meters and a maximum altitude of 3500 meters.

SA-X-17 GRIZZLY Low to MediumAltitude Surface-to-air Missile System

Russia is currently developing a new mobile SAM system designated SA-X-17in the US designation series to augment and eventually replace the SA-11 GADFLY. Few otherdetails are available at present, except it uses the same launch vehicle chassis and has asimilar configuration to the SA-11 GADFLY. The surveillance radar has the NATO code name'Snow Drift' and is also carried on the modified GM-569 tracked vehicle chassis.

SA-18 GROUSE Man-portableSurface-to-air Missile System

The SA-18 GROUSE (Igla 9K38) is a further development from the SA-7 &SA-14 series of manportable SAMs. The SA-18 resembles the earlier SA-14 in many detailssuch as the use of a similar thermal battery/gas bottle. However the missile itself anentirely new design with substantially improved range and speed. Like the SA-14, the SA-18has a 2 kg. high-explosive warhead. However, the new seeker and aerodynamic improvementsextend its effective range and its higher speed enables it to be used against fastertargets. The 9M39 missile of the SA-18 employs an IR guidance system using proportionalconvergence logic. The new seeker offers better protection against electro-opticaljammers; the probability of kill against an unprotected fighter is estimated at 30-48%,and the use of IRCM jammers only degrades this to 24-30%. The 2 kg. warhead is fitted witha contact and grazing fuse. The SA-18 has a maximum range of 5200 meters and a maximumaltitude of 3500 meters.

SA-19 GRISOM Surface-to-airMissile System

The SA-19 GRISOM (9M111) is a radar command guided, two-stage surface toair missile mounted on the 2S6 Integrated Air Defense System (See 2S6 in AAA section). The2S6 is fitted with two banks of four missiles, in blocks of two which can be elevatedvertically independent of each other. The SA-19 can engage aerial targets from 15 to 3500meters in altitude, and from 2400 to 8000 meters in slant range, with the target having amaximum speed of 500 m/s. The missile has a HE fragmentation warhead which is actuated bya proximity fuse if the missile passes within 5 m of the target. The SA-19 is supported bythe HOT SHOT radar system. The HOT SHOT is comprised of a surveillance radar with amaximum range of 18 km, and a tracking radar with a maximum range of 13 km. The method ofengagement is semi-automatic, radar to command line-of-sight, with the gunner tracking thetarget using the roof-mounted stabilized optical sight. The SA-19 is claimed to have akill probability of 0.65.

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The 5 EMAs cross

Submit by Adrian 01/08/2013

This system works on 5 minutes timeframe. So you must switch to this timeframe